Reverse Osmosis
A pressure-driven membrane separation process in which feed water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane, rejecting dissolved salts and producing a low-salinity permeate stream. The basis of modern seawater and brackish water desalination.
Related Engineering Tools
RO Recovery Calculator
RO recovery and permeate flow with full water and salt balance closure, concentrate concentration and salt loads.
Recovery (%) = (Permeate Flow / Feed Flow) × 100 RO Salt Rejection Calculator
Calculate membrane salt rejection percentage from feed and permeate TDS concentrations.
Rejection (%) = (1 - (Cp / Cf)) × 100 RO Salt Passage Calculator
Determine salt passage percentage through RO membranes and verify complementary rejection balance.
Passage (%) = (Cp / Cf) × 100 RO Permeate TDS Calculator
Project expected permeate total dissolved solids based on feed water salinity and rejection specs.
Cp = Cf × (1 - R / 100) RO Concentrate Flow Calculator
Brine/reject flow with water and salt balance closure, concentrate TDS, concentration factor and salt loads.
Qc = Qf - Qp = Qf × (1 - Y / 100) RO Osmotic Pressure Calculator
Estimate RO feed osmotic pressure using a simplified van’t Hoff model from TDS, temperature, and solute properties.
π = i × C × R × T RO Design Studio
Build a preliminary RO system design with feed inputs, staging, custom membrane data, sequential element estimates, balances, and warnings.
Q = A × S × (ΔP − Δπ) RO Mass Balance Calculator
Simplified TDS-based dissolved-solids balance for RO feed, permeate, and concentrate flow and quality checks.
Qf · Cf = Qp · Cp + Qc · Cc Related Equipment
RO Membranes
Semi-permeable membrane elements used in reverse osmosis systems to reject dissolved salts and other constituents under applied feed pressure. Performance is described by the manufacturer (flow, rejection, pressure limits) rather than by third-party ratings.
View equipment profileHigh-Pressure Pumps
Positive-displacement or centrifugal pumps that raise RO feed pressure from intake conditions to the operating pressure required to overcome osmotic pressure and membrane resistance.
View equipment profilePressure Vessels
Sealed cylindrical housings that hold one or more spiral-wound RO membrane elements in series and withstand the system operating pressure.
View equipment profileEnergy Recovery Devices
Devices that recover hydraulic energy from the high-pressure RO concentrate stream and return it to the feed stream, reducing the net pumping energy of the train.
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Neutral references for engineering context. Product and performance claims are the manufacturers' own published data, not EngiMetric conclusions.